TS 1779 
.05 U6 
1914 
Copy 2 



DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 

SAM. L. ROGERS, Director 



CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES: 1914 



OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM 



Prepared under the supervision of W. M. STEUART, Chief Statistician for Manufactures 



CONTENTS 



Explanation of terms 

Summary and analysis 

Scope of the industry 

Summary for the industry 

Persons engaged in the industry 

Wage earners employed, by months. 

Prevailing hours of labor 

Character of ownership 

Classification according to size 



Page 

.. 2 

.. 3 

.. 3 

.. 3 

4 

5 

5 

.. 5 

.. 5 



Page 
Summary and analysis — Continued. 

Engines and power 6 

Fuel 6 

Special statistics relating to products 7 

Exports and imports 7 

Detail state table: 

Table 13. — Detail statement for the oilcloth and linoleum 

industry, by states: 1914 8 



IJ-jlLGI <•/ 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1917 

. • i ■ i v-'"' 



EXPLANATION OF TERMS. 






Scope of census. — Census statistics of manufactures are compiled 
primarily for the purpose of showing the absolute and relative 
magnitude of the different branches of industry covered and their 
growth or decline. Incidentally, the effort is made to present data 
throwing light upon character of ownership, size of establishments, 
and similar subjects. When use is made of the statistics for these 
purposes it is imperative that due attention should be given to their 
limitations, particularly in connection with any attempt to derive 
from them figures purporting to show average wages, cost of produc- 
tion, or profits. 

The census did not cover establishments which were idle during 
the entire year or whose products were valued at less than $500, or 
the manufacturing done in educational, eleemosynary, and penal 
institutions. 

Period covered. — The returns relate to the calendar year 1914, or 
the business year which corresponded most nearly to that calendar 
year, and cover a year's operations, except for establishments which 
began or discontinued business during the year. 

The establishment. — As a rule, the term "'•establishment" repre- 
sents a single plant or factory, but in some cases it represents two or 
more plants which were operated under a common ownership or 
for which one set of books of account was kept. If, however, the 
plants constituting an establishment as thus defined were not all 
located within the same city or state, separate reports were secured 
in order that the figures for each plant might be included in the 
statistics for the city or state in which it was located. 

Influence of increased prices. — In comparing figures for cost of 
materials, value of products, and value added by manufacture in 
1914 and 1909 with the corresponding figures for earlier censuses, 
account should be taken of the general increase in the prices of com- 
modities during recent years. To the extent to which this factor 
has been influential the figures fail to afford an exact measure of the 
increase in the volume of business. 

Persons engaged in the industry. — The following general classes 
of persons engaged in the industry distinguished: (1) Proprietors 
and firm members, (2) salaried officers of corporations, (3) superin- 
tendents and managers, (4) clerks (including other subordinate 
salaried employees), and (5) wage earners. In the reports for the 
censuses of 1904 and 1899 these five classes were shown according 
to the three main groups: (1) Proprietors and firm members, (2) 
salaried officials, clerks, etc., and (3) wage earners. In compara- 
tive tables covering the census of 1904 it is of course necessary to 
group the figures according to the classification that was employed 
at the earlier censuses. 

The number of persons engaged in the industry, distributed by 
sex, and, in the case of wage earners, also by age (whether under 
16 or 16 and over), was reported for a single representative day. 
The 15th of December was selected as representing for most estab- 
lishments normal conditions of employment, but where this date 
was not a representative day an earlier date was chosen. 

In the case of employees other than wage earners the number thus 
reported for the representative date has been treated as equivalent 
to the average for the year, since the number of employees of this 
class does not ordinarily vary much from month to month. In 
the case of wage earners the average has been obtained in the 
manner explained in the next paragraph. 

In addition to the more detailed report by sex and age of the 
number of wage earners on the representative date, a report was 
obtained of the number employed on the 15th of each month, 
without distinction of sex or age. From these figures the average 
number of wage earners for the year has been calculated by dividing 
the sum of the numbers reported for the several months by 12. 
The average thus obtained approximates the number of wage earn- 
ers that would be required to perform the work done if all were 
constantly employed during the entire year. Accordingly, the im- 
portance of the industry as an employer of labor is believed to be 
more accurately measured by this average than by the number 
employed at any one time or on a given day. 

In order to determine as nearly as possible the sex and age dis- 
tribution of the average number of wage earners for the industry as 
a whole, the per cent distribution by sex and age of the wage earners 
reported for December 15, or the nearest representative day, has 
been calculated from the actual number reported for that date, the 
percentages thus obtained have been applied to the average number 
of wage earners for the year in the industry to determine the average 
number of men, women, and children employed. 

Salaries and wages. — Under these heads are given the total pay- 
ments during the year for salaries and wages, respectively. The 
Census Bureau has not undertaken to calculate the average annual 
earnings of either salaried employees or wage earners. Such aver- 
ages would possess little real value, because they would be based on 
the earnings of employees of both sexes, of all ages, and of widely 
varying degrees of skill. Furthermore, so far as wage earners are 
concerned, it would be impossible to calculate accurately even so 

(2) 



simple an average as this, since the number of wage earners fluctu- 
ates from month to month. The Census Bureau's figures for wage 
earners, as already explained, are averages based on the number 
employed on the 15th of each month and represent the approxi- 
mate number who would be required to perform the work if all 
were continuously employed during the year, whereas the actual 
number to whom the total wages were paid would be larger. 

Prevailing hours of labor. — No attempt was made to ascertain the 
number of wage earners working a given number of hours per week. 
The inquiry called merely for the prevailing practice followed in 
each establishment. Occasional variations in hours in an estab- 
lishment from one part of the year to another were disregarded, and 
no attention was paid to the fact that a limited number of wage 
earners might have hours differing from those of the majority. All 
the wage earners of each establishment are therefore counted in 
the class within which the establishment itself falls. In most 
establishments, however, all or practically all the wage earners 
work the same number of hours, so that the figures give a substan- 
tially correct representation of the hours of labor. 

Capital. — The instructions on the schedule for securing data 
relating to capital were as follows: 

The answer should show the total amount of capital, both owned and borrowed, 
onthelastdayofthebusinessyearreported. Alltheitemsoffixedand live capital 
may be taken at the amounts carried on the books. If land or buildings are rented 
that fact should be stated and no value given. If a part of the land or buildings 
is owned, the remainder being rented, that fact should be so stated and only the 
value of the owned property given. Do not include securities and loans represent- 
ing investments in other enterprises. 

These instructions were identical with those employed at the 
census of 1909. The data compiled in respect to capital, however, 
at both censuses, as well as at all preceding censuses of manufactures, 
have been so defective as to be of little value except as indicating 
very general conditions. In fact, it has been repeatedly recom- 
mended by the census authorities that this inquiry be omitted from 
the schedule. While there are some establishments whose account- 
ing systems are such that an accurate return for capital could be 
made, this is not true of the great majority, and the figures therefore 
do not show the actual amount of capital invested. 

Materials. — The statistics as to cost of materials relate to the 
materials used during the year, which may be more or less than the 
materials purchased during the year. The term "materials" 
covers fuel, rent of power and heat, mill supplies, and containers, 
as well as materials which form a constituent part of the product. 

Bent and taxes. — The taxes include internal revenue, corpora- 
tion income tax, and state, county, and local taxes. In some 
instances the amount of the corporation tax for 1914 had not been 
ascertained when the report was prepared and the amount paid 
for 1913 was given. 

Value of products. — The amounts given under this heading repre- 
sent the selling value or price at the factory of all products manu- 
factured during the year, which may differ from the value of the 
products sold. 

Value added by manufacture. — The value of products is not a 
satisfactory measure of either the absolute or the relative importance 
of a given industry, because only a part of this value is actually 
created by the manufacturing processes carried on in the industry 
itself. Another part, and often by far the larger one, represents 
the value of the materials used. For many purposes, therefore, the 
best measure of the importance of an industry is the value created 
by the manufacturing operations carried on within the industry. 
This value is calculated by deducting the cost of the materials used 
from the value of the products. The figure thus obtained is termed 
in the census reports value added by manufacture." 

Cost of manufacture and profits. — The census data do not show 
the entire cost of manufacture, and consequently can not be used 
for the calculation of profits. No account has been taken of interest 
or depreciation, rent of offices and buildings other than factory or 
works, insurance, ordinary repairs, advertising, and other sundry 
expenses. 

Primary horsepower. — This item represents the total primary 
power generated by the manufacturing establishments plus the 
amount of power, principally electric, rented from other concerns. 
It does not cover the power of electric motors taking their current 
from dynamos driven by primary power machines operated by the 
same establishment, because the inclusion of such power would ob- 
viously result in duplication. The figures for primary horsepower 
represent, the rated capacity of the engines, motors, etc., and not 
the amount of power in actual daily use, since in most cases an 
engine or motor is not required to deliver continuously its full rated 
horsepower. 

Fuel. — Statistics of the quantity of fuel used are shown only for 
anthracite and bituminous coal, coke, oil, and gas. They relate 
to the quantity used during the year, which may be more or less 
t ban the quantity purchased. As only theprincipal varieties of fuel 
are shown, no comparison can be made with the total cost of all fuel. 



D. of D. 
SEP 17 1917 



i 



OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM. 



By John G. Hawes. 



SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS. 



Scope of the industry. — The industry includes the 
manufacture of all kinds of floor oilcloth and linoleum, 
cork carpet, enameled oilcloth, table coverings, and 
carriage cloth. There were 18 establishments en- 
gaged primarily in the manufacture of oilcloth and 
linoleum for floor oovering and 13 that specialized in 
the manufacture of enameled oilcloth. Statistics for 
the two classes of establishments are shown separately 
and in combination. 

The linoleum and oilcloth intended for floor covering 
is made principally with a jute back, but compositions 
such as "linotile," "congoleum," and "feltoleum," 
with felt or paper back, and shade cloth were 
also made to some extent. This is the more important 
of the two industries as the establishments engaged in 
it gave employment to 78.4 per cent of the wage 



earners and their products formed 68.8 per cent of the 
total for the combined industry. 

The enameled oUoloth is made with a cotton baok. 
It inoludes that made with a grained surface on a 
duck backing, which is used as an upholstering material 
in the manufacture of carriages and automobiles, 
harness, etc., and comes in black or solid oolors of all 
kinds and is of various qualities and grains. It also 
includes table oilcloth for household use, a cloth of 
light weight, in many colors and designs, usually 
printed, and oilcloth for shelf and wall covering. A 
small amount of stair oilcloth was also reported by 
establishments included in this group. 

Summary for the industry. — Table 1 summarizes 
the statistics of the industry for each census from 
1899 to 1914, inclusive. 



Table 1 



Oilcloth and Linoleum. 



Number of establishments 

Persons engaged 

Proprietors and firm members. . 

Salaried employees 

Wage earners (average number;. 

Primary horsepower 

Capital. . 



apita 
atari* 



.ries and wages 

Salaries 

Wages 

Paid for contract work 

Rent and taxes (including internal revenue) 

Cost of materials 

Value of products 

Value added by manufacture (value of products less cost of materials), 

OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM, FLOOR. 



Number of establishments 

Persons engaged 

Proprietors and firm members. . . 

Salaried employees 

Wage earners (average number) . 

Primary horsepower 

Capital.. 



Salaries and wages 

Salaries 

Wages 

Paid for contract work 

Rent and taxes (including internal revenue) 

Cost of materials 

Value of products 

Value added by manufacture (value of products less cost of materials), 

OILCLOTH, ENAMELED. 



Number of establishments 

Persons engaged 

Proprietors and firm members . . 

Salaried employees 

Wage earners (average number;. 

Primary horsepower 

Capital. 



Salaries and wages 

Salaries 

Wages 

Paid for contract work 

Rent and taxes (including internal revenue) 

Cost of materials 

Value of products 

Value added by manufacture (value of products less cost of materials). 



1914 



31 

C.,234 

7 

576 

5,651 

22,272 

$28,041,178 

4,149,632 

936,317 

3,213,315 



114,805 

17,775,863 

25,598,361 

7,822,498 



18 

4,798 

3 

367 

4,428 

18, 782 

820,292,210 

3,201,108 

600,240 

2,604,368 



79,801 
11,251,876 

i:,',li2,:ioi. 
6,350,460 



13 

1,436 

4 

209 

1,223 

3,490 

17,748,968 

945,024 

336,077 

608,947 



35,004 
6,523,987 
7,996,025 
1,472,038 



NUMBER OR AMOUNT. 



190B 



31 

5,557 

11 

345 
5,201 
16,125 

119,634,138 

3,471,628 

649,0X3 

2,825,545 

27,645 

74, 449 

15,550,101 

23,339,022 

7,788,921 



19 

4,468 

6 

237 

4,225 

14,158 

814,721,702 

2,750,367 

440,963 

2,309,404 

27,645 

53,517 

10,145,316 

15,813,331 

5,668,015 



12 

1,089 

5 

108 

970 

1,967 

$4,912,436 

724,261 

208,120 

516,141 



20,932 
5,404,785 
7,525,691 
2,120,906 



1904 



27 

4,112 

12 

217 

3,883 

10,112 

$13,803,232 

2,304,987 

361,230 

1,943,757 

4,023 

* 49, 369 

10,050.009 

14,792,246 

4, 712. 237 



16 

3,548 

10 

183 

3,355 

8,703 

$10,108,107 

2,020,089 

300, 151 

1,719,938 



a 33, 70S 
6,779,263 
10,388,237 
3, 60S, 974 



11 

564 

2 

34 

528 

1, 409 

$3,695,125 

284.89S 

61,079 

223,819 

4,023 

a 15,661 

3,270,746 

4,404,009 

1,133,263 



1899 



27 

3,409 

26 

153 

3,230 

7,561 

$8,879,102 

1,922,636 

294,523 

1,628,113 



5 38,004 
7,549,672 
11,«02,620 
3,852,948 



18 

2,844 

21 

105 

2,718 

6,421 

37,176,198 

1,521,174 

193,939 

1,327,235 



a 31,978 
4,853,260 
7, 807, 105 
2,953,845 



9 

565 

5 

48 

.512 

1,140 

$1,702,904 

401,462 

100,584 

300,878 



TER CENT OP INCREASE. 1 



1909-1914 1904-190!) 1899-1904 



12.2 



67.0 
8.7 
38.1 
42.8 
19.4 
44.3 
13.7 



54.2 
14.3 
9.7 
0.4 



7.4 



a 6,026 

2,696,412 

3,595,515 

899,103 



54.8 
4.8 
32.7 
37.8 
16.5 
36.1 
12.8 



49.1 
10.9 
11.3 
12.0 



31.9 



93.5 
25.3 
77.4 
57.7 
30.5 
61.5 
18.0 



67.2 

20.7 

6.2 

-30.6 



35.1 



59.0 
33.9 
59.5 
42.2 
50.7 
79.7 
45.4 



50.8 
S4.7 
57.8 
64.2 



25.9 



29.5 
25.9 
62.7 
45.6 
3(i.2 
46.9 
34.3 



58.8 
49.7 
52.2 
67.1 



93.1 



217.6 
84.9 
39.6 
32.9 
154.2 
240.7 
130.6 



33.7 
65.2 
70.9 
87.2 



20.6 



41.8 
20.2 
33.7 
55.5 
19.9 
22.6 
19.4 



29.9 
33.1 
29.7 
23.1 



24.8 



74.3 
23.4 
35.5 
40.9 
32.8 
54. S 
29.6 



5.4 
39.7 
33.1 

22.2 



-0.2 



-29.2 
3.1 
23.6 
117.0 
-29.0 
-39.3 
-25.6 



159.9 
21.3 
22.5 
26.0 



i A minus sign (— ) d motes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 
94907°— 17 



2 Exclusive of internal revenue. 



(3) 



?v3@2 



MANUFACTURES. 



The oilcloth and linoleum industry dates back to 
1810, but did not assume any commercial importance 
until 1849, when there were reported 56 establish- 
ments, with a capital of $640,700, 650 wage earners, 
and a total value of products of $1,256,994. From 
1849 to 1899 the number of establishments decreased 
by more than half, but the number of wage earners 
and value of products increased 396.9 per cent, and 
807.1 per cent, respectively. During the 15 years 
from 1899 to 1914, there was an increase of 4 estab- 
lishments only, and this increase was confined to that 
branch of the industry engaged in the manufacture of 
enameled oilcloth. During this period, the combined 
industry showed an increase of 75 per cent in wage 
earners and 124.5 per cent in value of products. 

The relative growth of the two branches of the 
industry has been consistent, neither branch showing 
an unusual increase or decrease, due to the fact that 
the two classifications are so closely related. 

Persons engaged in the industry. — Table 2 shows, 
for 1914 and 1909, the number of persons engaged 
in the combined industry, and in the two branches 
separately, distributed by sex, the average number of 
wage earners being distributed also by age. The sex 
and age classification of the average number of wage 
earners in this and other tables is an estimate obtained 
by the method described in the "Explanation of 
terms." 



Table 2 



Oilcloth and linoleum 

Proprietors and officials 

Proprietors and firm members 

Salaried officers o( corporations 

Superintendents and managers 

Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees 

Wage earners (average number) 

10 years of age and over 

Under 16 years of age 

Oilcloth and linoleum, floor 

Proprietors and officials 

Proprietors and firm members 

Salaried officers of corporations 

Superintendents and managers 

Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees 

Wage earners (average number) 

16 years of age and over 

Under 16 years of age 



Cen- 

sus 
year. 



PERSONS ENGAGED IN 
THE INDUSTRY. 



Total. 



1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 



6,234 
5,557 



132 
111 
7 
11 
52 
48 
73 
52 

451 

245 

5, Ml 
5,201 
6,600 
5,154 
51 
47 



4, 70S 
4, 468 



Male. 



5,946 
5,344 



132 
110 
7 
10 
52 
48 
73 
52 

335 
191 

5,479 
5,043 
5,438 
4,996 
41 
47 



4, Mo 
4,331 



3 
6 
42 
38 
40 
38 

285 
161 

4,428 
4,225 
4,403 
4,193 
25 
32 



85 
81 
3 
5 
42 
3S 
40 
38 

212 
135 

4,348 
4,115 
4,323 
4,0*3 
25 
32 



Fe- 
male. 



288 
213 



116 
54 

172 
158 
162 
158 
10 



Table 2— Continued. 



153 
137 



73 
26 

80 
110 

80 
110 



Oilcloth, enameled 

Proprietors and officials 

Proprietors and firm members 

Salaried officers of corporations 

Superintendents and managers 

Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees 

Wage earners (average number) 

16 years of age and over 

Under 16 years of age 



Cen- 
sus 
year. 



PERSONS ENGAGED IN 
THE INDUSTRY. 



1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 



Total. 



1,436 
1,089 



47 
29 
4 
5 
10 
10 
33 
14 

166 
84 

1,223 

976 

1,197 

961 

26 

15 



Male. 



1,301 
1,013 



47 
29 
4 
5 
10 
10 
33 
14 

123 
56 

1,131 

928 

1,115 

913 

16 

15 



Fe 
male. 



135 
76 



43 
28 

92 
48 
82 



The total number of persons engaged in the industry 
as a whole in 1914 was 6,234, of whom 90.6 per cent 
were wage earners, 2.1 per cent were proprietors and 
officials, and 7.2 per cent were clerks and other sub- 
ordinate salaried employees. Males predominated in 
all classes, but females represented an increased pro- 
portion of the clerks and other salaried employees in 
1914 as compared with 1909. A very small propor- 
tion of the wage earners, in both years, was under 
16 years of age. 

Table 3 gives, for the several classes of persons en- 
gaged in the industry, the percentages of increase 
for the two five-year periods and the per cent distri- 
bution at the three censuses. 



Table 3 


PERSON.' 


ENGAGED IN THE DIDtJSTBY. 


CLASS. 


Number. 


Per cent 
distribution. 


Per cent of 
increase. 1 




1914 


1909 


1904 


1914 


1909 


1904 


1909- 
1914 


1904- 
1909 


Oilcloth and linoleum... 


6,234 


5,557 


4,112 


100.0 


100.0 


ioo.o 


12.2 


35.1 


Proprietors and firm members. 


7 

576 

5,651 


11 

345 

5,201 


12 

217 

3,883 


0.1 
9.2 

90.6 


0.2 
6 2 
93.6 


0.3 
5.3 
94.4 






67.0 

8.7 


59.0 




33.9 


Oilcloth and linoleum, 


4,798 


4,468 


3,548 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


7.4 


25.9 






Proprietors and firm members. 


3 
387 

4,428 

1,436 


6 
237 

4,225 

1,089 


10 

183 

3,355 

564 


0.1 

7.6 

92.3 

100.0 


0.1 
5.3 
94.6 

100.0 


0.3 
5.2 

94.6 

100.0 






54.9 
4.8 

31.9 


29.5 


Wage earners (average) 

Oilcloth, enameled 


25.9 

93.1 


Proprietors and firm members. 


4 

209 

1,223 


.5 
108 
976 


2 
34 

528 


0.3 
14.6 
85.2 


0.5 
9.9 

89.6 


0.4 
6.0 
93.6 






93.5 
25.3 


217.6 


Wage earners (average) 


84.8 



' Percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 

Salaried employees represent an increased propor- 
tion of the total persons engaged in the industry at 
the successive census periods shown in the table, 
while wage earners form a slightly decreased propor- 
tion. Each of these classes, however, increased sub- 
stantially in number during the decade. 



OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM. 



Wage earners employed, by months. — The following 
table gives, for the industry as a whole and for the 
two branches separately, the total number of wage 
earners employed on the 15th of eaoh month, or the 
nearest representative day, for 1914 and 1909, and 
the average number employed during each month in 
1904, together with the percentage whioh the number 
reported for eaoh month forms of the greatest number 
reported for any month. 



Table 4 


WAGE EARNERS rN THE INDUSTRY. 


MONTH. 


Number. 1 


Per cent of maximum. 




1914 


1909 


1904 


1914 


1909 


1904 


Oilcloth and Linoleum. 


5,870 
5,859 
5,859 
5,774 
5,727 
.5. 736 
5,423 
5,449 
5,525 
5,619 
5, 448 
5,525 


5,083 
5,110 
5,100 
5,057 
5,133 
5,158 
5.169 
5,221 
5, 282 
5.351 
5,321 
5,435 


8,857 

3.907 
6,906 
3,932 
3.859 
3,902 
3,894 
3,953 
3,914 
3,890 
3,780 
3,802 


100.0 
99.8 
99.8 
98.4 
97.6 
97.7 
92.4 
92.8 
94.1 
95.7 
92.8 
94.1 


93.5 
94.0 
93.8 
93.0 
94.4 
94.9 
95.1 
96.1 
97.2 
98.5 
97.9 
100.0 


97.6 




98.8 




98.8 




99.5 




97.6 




9S. 7 


July 


98.5 




100.0 




99.0 




98. 4 




9.5. 6 




96.2 






OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM . FLOOR. 


4,572 
4. 566 
4,564 
4,499 
4,503 
4,528 
4, 267 
4, 263 
4,359 
4,431 
4,262 
4,333 

1,298 
1,303 
1,295 
1,275 
1,224 
1,208 
1,156 
1,186 
1,166 
1,188 
1,184 
1,193 


4.101 

4.141 
4,113 
4,092 
4,200 
4,209 
4,211 
4,266 
4,307 
4,354 
4,297 
4,414 

982 
969 
987 
965 
933 
949 
958 
955 
975 
997 
1,024 
1,021 


3,355 
3.395 
6,381 

3. 403 
3,324 
3,340 
3,384 
3, 445 
3,408 
3,379 
3,231 
3,215 

502 
512 
525 
529 
535 
562 
510 
508 
506 
511 
549 
5S7 


100.0 
99.6 
99.8 
98.4 
98.5 
99.0 
93.3 
93.2 
95.3 
96.9 
93.2 
94.8 

99.6 
100.0 
99.4 
97.9 
93.9 
92.7 
88.7 
91.0 
89.5 
91.2 
90.9 
91.6 


92.9 
93.8 
93.2 
92.7 
95.2 
95.4 
95.4 
96.6 
97.6 
98.6 
97.3 
100.0 

9.5.9 
94.6 
96.4 
94.2 
91.1 
92.7 
93.6 
93.3 
95.2 
97.4 
100.0 
99.7 


97.4 




98.5 




98.1 




98.8 




96.5 




97.0 


July 


9H.2 




100.0 




98.9 




9S. 1 




93.8 




93.3 


OILCLOTH, ENAMELED. 


85.5 




87.2 




89.4 




90.1 


May 


91.1 




95.7 


July 


86.9 




86.5 




86.2 




87.1 




93.5 




ioo.o 







1 The figures for 1914 and 1909 represent the number employed on the 15th of 
each month, or the nearest representative day; those for 1904, the average number 
employed during the month. 

The industry shows comparative regularity in 
monthly employment, the minimum number of wage 
earners employed in 1914 forming 92.4 per cent of the 
maximum, as compared with 93 per cent and 95.6 
per cent in 1909 and 1904, respectively. 

Prevailing hours of labor. — In Table 5 the average 
number of wage earners reported, for 1914 and 1909 
for the industry as a whole, and for the two branches 
separately, has been classified according to the num- 
ber of hours of labor per week prevailing in the estab- 
lishments in which they were employed. The number 
employed in each establishment was classified as a 
total, even though a few employees worked a greater 
or smaller number of hours. 



The figures in the following table indicate a short- 
ening of the working day. In 1914, 53.3 per cent of 
the total wage earners for the combined industry were 
employed in establishments operating between 54 and 
60 hours per week. In 1909, almost as great a propor- 
tion, 52.4 per cent of the wage earners, worked in estab- 
lishments where the prevailing hours were 60 per week. 
The combined total of wage earners employed in es- 
tablishments where shorter hours prevailed — from 48 
to 54 per week — increased from 7.7 per cent in 1909 
to 22.9 per cent in 1914. 



Table 5 

PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK. 


TOTAL. 


Oilcloth 

and 
linoleum, 

Boor. 


Oil- 
cloth, 
enam- 
eled. 




1914 


1909 


1914 


1914 


Total 


5,651 


5,201 


4,428 


1,223 








6 

524 

767 

3,012 

1,342 


14 

16 

370 

2,074 

2,727 


6 

439 

441 

2,273 

1,269 






85 


54 


326 




739 


60 


73 







Character of ownership. — Table 6 presents statistics 
concerning the character of ownership, or legal or- 
ganization, of establishments in the oilcloth and lino- 
leum industry for 1914 and 1909. 



Table 6 

CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. 


Census 
year. 


Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Average 
number 
of wage 
earners. 


Value of 
products. 


Total 


1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 


31 
31 


5,651 
5,201 


$25,598,361 
23,339,022 






4 

5 

27 
26 


160 
246 

5,491 

4,955 


1,111,347 




906,044 
24,487,014 




22,432,978 


Percent of total: 


12.9 

16.1 

87.1 
83.9 


. 2.8 
4.7 

97.2 
95.3 


4.3 




3.9 
95.7 




96.1 



1 Includes two establishments in 1914 and three in 1909 under ' 
ownership, to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 



other" form of 



Of the 31 establishments reported in 1914 and 1909, 
corporations controlled 87.1 per cent in the former 
and 83.9 per cent in the latter year. Over 95 per cent 
of the total number of wage earners and value of 
products were reported, for both years, by establish- 
ments under the corporate form of ownership. 

Classification according to size. — The tendency of 
the industry to become concentrated in large estab- 
lishments is indicated in Table 7. 

As measured by value of products, the average 
size of establishments in this industry is larger than 
in most other industries. The average per establish- 
ment increased from 1422,319 in 1904 to $752,872 in 
1909 and to $825,753 in 1914. In 1914, 81 per cent 



6 



MANUFACTURES. 



of the total number of wage earners and 71.8 per 
cent of the total value of products were reported 
by establishments whose products were valued at 
$1,000,000 and over. 



Table 7 



VALUE OF PRODUCT. 



Total 

$20,000 to $100,000 > 

$100,000 to $1, 000,000. .. . 

$1,000,000 and over 

Percent of total: 

$20,000 to $100,000'. 

$100,000 to $1,000,000 

$1,000,000 and over. . 



Census 

year. 



Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 



1914 
1909 



1914 
1909 



1914 
1909 



1914 
1909 



1914 
1909 



1914 

1909 



1914 
1909 



Average 
number 
of wage 
earners. 



31 
31 



5, 651 
5,201 



Value of 
products. 



S25, 598,361 
23.339,022 



22.6 
12.9 



48.4 
61.3 



29.0 
25.8 



1,368 

4,576 
3,784 



1.6 

0.9 



17.4 
26.3 



81.0 
72.8 



274, 700 
255,940 

6,930,521 
7,415,329 

18,393,140 
15.667,753 



1.1 
1.1 



27.1 
31.8 



71.8 
67.1 



i Includes the group having products valued at " $5,000 to $20,000." 

Table 8 shows the size of establishments in the 
combined industry for 1914 and 1909, and in the two 
branches of the industry separately for 1914, as 
measured by the number of wage earners employed. 



Table 8 



ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING — 



Total . 



1 to 5 wage earners 

6 to 20 wage earners 

21 to 50 wage earners 

51 to 100 wage earners 

101 to 250 wage earners. . . 
251 to 500 wage earners. . . 
501 to 1,000 wage earners . 
Over 1,000 wage earners. . 



1914 



5,651 



141 

520 

561 

1,501 

2,855 



31 5,201 



87 
113 
766 
855 
1,234 
2,146 



oilcloth 
and lino- 

LEUM, 
FLOOR. 



OILCLOTH, 
ENAM- 
ELED. 



1914 



4,428 13 



64 

169 

120 

1,151 

2,855 



1,223 



77 
351 
441 

350 



The largest number of wage earners for the com- 
bined industry and for floor oilcloth and linoleum are 
in establishments employing from 501 to 1,000 wage 
earners, while in the manufacture of enameled oil- 
cloth the largest number worked in establishments 
employing from 101 to 250 wage earners. 

Engines and power. — Table 9 shows, for the com- 
bined industry and its two branches separately, in 
1914, 1909, and 1904, the number and horsepower of 
engines and motors employed in generating power 
(including electric motors operated by purchased cur- 
rent) . It also shows separately the number and horse- 
power of electric motors operated by current generated 
in the establishments reporting. 



In 1904 and 1909, in the combined industry, owned 
power formed over 90 per cent of the total power used, 
while in 1911, owned power dropped to 71.7 per cent 
of the total. This decrease was caused by the in- 
creased use of motors run by rented power. The in- 
crease of the total primary horsepower from 1909 to 
1914 is due almost entirely to the increase in the 
number of electric motors used. The relative propor- 
tions are practically the same in the two bran6hes of 
the industry as in the combined industry. 



Table 9 

POWER. 


NUMBER OF 

ENGINES 
OP. MOTORS. 


HORSEPOWER. 




1914 


1909 


1904 


1914 


1909 


1904 


Oilcloth and Linoleum. 


599 


223 


t 
156] 


22,272 


16,125 


10,112 








151 

148 

3 

448 
448 


175 
174 

1 

48 
48 


148 

146 

2 

8 

8 


15,966 

15,486 

480 

6,306 
6,306 


15,048 

15,046 

2 

1,077 

1,002 

75 


9,984 


Steam engines and turbines ' 


9,937 
47 

128 




93 




35 
















1,022 
448 

574 


336 

48 

288 


125 
8 

117 


14,066 

6,306 

8,659 


4,540 
1,002 

3,538 


1,275 




93 


Generated by establishments report- 


1,182 


oilcloth and linoleum, floob. 


438 


175 


132 


18, 782 


14,158 


8,703 








124 
124 


142 

141 
1 

33 
33 


124 

123 

1 

8 
8 


13,521 
13,521 

5,261 
5,261 


13,333 
13,331 

2 

825 
825 


8,610 




8,608 
2 




314 
314 


93 




93 








707 
314 

393 
161 


211 
33 

178 
48 


78 
8 

70 
24 


12,272 
5,261 

7,011 
3,490 

! . 


3,541 

825 

2,716 

1,967 


995 




93 


Generated by establishments report- 


902 


OrLCLOTH, ENAMELED. 


1,409 








27 
24 
3 

134 
134 


33 
33 

15 
15 


24 
23 

1 


2,445 

1,965 

480 

1,045 
1,045 


1,715 
1,715 

252 

177 

75 


1,374 


Steam engines and turbines ' 

Internal-combustion engines 


1,329 
45 

35 




! 




35 




315 
134 

181 


125 
15 

110 


47 

47 
47 


2,693 
1,045 

1,648 


999 
177 

822 


280 







Generated by establishments report- 


280 




1 



» Figures for horsepower include for 1904 the amounts reported under the head of 
"other" owned power. 

Fuel.— Table 1 shows, for 1 91 4 and 1909, the qu antity 
of each kind of fuel used, for which data were obtained, 
for the industry as a whole, and for the two branches 
separately. 



Table 10 

KIND OF FUEL. 


TOTAL. 


OILCLOTH AND 

LINOLEUM, 

FLOOR. 


OILCLOTH, 
ENAMELED. 




1914 


1909 


1914 


1909 


1914 


1909 


Anthracite coal (tons, 2,240 lbs.) . . 
Bituminous coal (tons, 2,000 lbs). 


43,673 

176,825 

625 

828 

1,215 


39,139 

150,019 

2,218 

8,215 


30,105 

145,316 

478 

50 

413 


31,195 

121,134 

1,958 

8,215 


13,568 

31,509 

147 

778 

802 


7,944 

28, 885 

260 


Oil, including gasoline (barrels). . . 









OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM. 



SPECIAL STATISTICS RELATING TO PRODUCTS. 



Table 11 gives the kind, quantity, and value of the 
various products of the industry for 1914, 1909, and 
1904. The special statistics in 1909 included artificial 
leather, but in 1914 that product was classified as 
"upholstering materials," under which designation 
statistics appear in the general census reports. 



Table 11 


1911 


1909 


1904 


PER CENT OF 
INCREASE. 1 




1909- 
1914 


1904- 
1909 




'25,598,361 


$23,339,022 


$14,792,246 


9.7 


57 8 








Oilcloth (made on cotton back): 
Enameled— 


18,357,097 


17.338.440 


11,574,986 
$1,542,467 

38,026,083 
$3,540,181 

21,456,615 
$3,565,689 

14,765,284 
$4,223,992 

2,126,178 
11,104,808 

$815, 109 


5.9 
10.2 

-3.0 
6.8 

-58.9 
-60.7 

27.0 
27.9 

90.1 

57.8 

1.4 


49 8 




$2,495,255 $2 265 146 




Table, wall, shelf, and stair — 


59,358,872 

$6, 025, 348 

7,536,379 
$1,483,731 

33,306,689 
110,043,426 

8,479,202 
(4,725,837 

$824,7.54 


61,168,777 
$5,639,206 

18,354,851 
S3, 776, 660 

26,215,979 
$7,850,437 

4,460,275 
$2,994,491 

$813,082 


60 9 






Oilcloth and linoleum (made on 
jute back): 
Floor oilcloth- 


-14 5 






Linoleum, including cork car- 
pet — 








Inlaid linoleum — 


109 8 






All other products, value 


-0.2 



i A minus sign ( — ) denotes decrease, 

The above table shows a segregation of oilcloth made 
on cotton back and oilcloth and linoleum made on jute 
back. Oilcloth used on tables, walls, shelves, and 
stairs is the leading cotton-backed product, its value 
representing 23.5 per cent of the total value of products 
reported for the industry as a whole. Although this 
variety of oilcloth decreased 3 per cent in quantity, it 
shows an increase of 6.8 per cent in value from 1909 to 
1914. 

The production of floor oilcloth decreased 58.9 per 
cent in quantity and 60.7 per cent in value, due to the 
substitution of linoleum for oilcloth in recent years. 
Although these are the only decreases reported in 
value and quantity from 1909 to 1914, percentages of 
increase, in all items, are very much smaller from 1909 
to 1914 than from 1904 to 1909, indicating that the 
volume of business in this industry decreased in the 
last half of the decade 1904-1914. 

Of the product made on jute back, linoleum, includ- 
ing cork carpet, is the most important. The value of 
this product represented nearly two- thirds (61.8 per 
cent) of all jute-backed products made in 1914, and 
more than one-third (39.2 per cent) of products re- 
ported for the oilcloth and linoleum industry. Inlaid 
linoleum shows the largest percentage of gain of any 
of the products of the industry during the five-year 
period, 90.1 per cent in output and 57.S per cent in 
value. 

Of the 31 establishments engaged in this industry 
in 1914, 15 were in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and 



16 in nine other states as follows: California, 1; Indi- 
ana, 2; Illinois, 1; Maine, 2: Massachusetts, 2; Michi- 
gan, 1 ; Missouri, 1 ; New York, 3 ; and Ohio, 3. Statistics 
are shown separately for New Jersey and Pennsylvania 
in Table 13, but could not be shown for the nine other 
states without disclosing individual operations. Of 
the 5,651 wage earners employed in the industry, New * 
Jersey employs 2,190, or 38.8 per cent, and Pennsylva- 
nia, 1,303, or 23.1 per cent, and of the total value of 
products for the industry as a whole, New Jersey re- 
ports 44.5 per cent and Pennsylvania 28 per cent. 
These two states report the manufacture of 34.8 per 
cent of the total square yards of oilcloth made on cot- 
ton back, 88.1 per cent of the total square yards of 
floor oilcloth made on jute backing, and 92 per cent 
of the total square yards of linoleum, including inlaid 
linoleum. 

Exports and imports. — Table 12 gives the amount 
and value of the imports and the value of the exports 
of oilcloth and linoleum from 1898 to 1915, inclusive, 
as compiled from the reports of the Bureau of Foreign 
and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce. 



Table 12 

YEAR ENDING JVNE 30- 



1915. 
1914. 
1913. 
1912. 
1911. 
1910. 
1909. 
1908. 
1907. 
1906. 
1905. 
1904. 
1903. 
1902. 
1901. 
1900. 
1899. 



Square yards. 



2,648,148 
4,064,374 

4,202,786 
4,450,400 

5,321,964 

4,848,615 

5,306,329 

6,114,508 

7,109,067 

5,470,460 

3,.50S,X5.5 

3,381,534 

3,358,655 

1,824,579 

1,306,222 

832,405 

416,658 

(') 



Value. 



$1,199,662 

1,829,596 

1,840,878 

1,917,998 

2,102,012 

1,834,040 

1,894,810 

2,102,313 

2,313,772 

1,744,539 

1,220,372 

1,201,070 

1,105,894 

681,464 

532, 255 

407,008 

216,210 

(') 



Exports 
(value). 



$634. 
727, 
807, 
710, 
493, 
482, 
359, 
359, 
3.53, 
286, 
269, 
231, 
221, 
189, 
172, 
141, 
132, 
118, 



386 
087 

576 

515 
902 
086 
764 
801 
808 
577 
929 
297 
417 
291 
635 
917 
532 
041 



' Not reported separately prior to 1899. 

Imports reported hi Table 12 cover only floor oil- 
cloth and linoleum. A clear distinction has not been 
made between cotton cloth and oilcloth made on cot- 
ton backing, therefore, only floor oilcloth is reported. 
The exports, however, include the statistics for all 
classes of oilcloth. Imports steadily increased from 
1898 to 1907, but from 1908 to 1915, except in the year 
1911, there was a continuous decrease. 

The value of exports increased each year from 1898 
to 1913, with the single exception of a very small de- 
crease in 1909. There was a pronounced decrease, 
however, from 1913 to 1915. 

By adding the floor oilcloth and linoleum imported 
to that produced, and subtracting from that total the 
exports, it will be seen that there were available for 
consumption in the United States in 1914, 42,412,451 
square yards, valued at $10,724,085. 



\ 
MANUFACTURES. 




DETAIL STATE TABLE. 

Table 13.— DETAIL STATEMENT FOR THE OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1914. 





Num- 
ber 
of 

estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. 


WAGE EARNERS DEC. 16, OE 
NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE 
DAY. 






EXPENSES. 




Total. 


Pro- 
prie- 
tors 
and 
arm 
mem- 
bers. 


Sala- 
ried 
offi- 
cers, 
su- 
per- 
in- 
tend 
ents, 
and 
man- 
agers 


Clerks, etc. 


Wage earners. 


Total. 


16 and over. 


Under 16. 


] 

Capital. 


Salaries and wages. 


INDUSTRY AND STATE. 


• Male. 


Fe- 
male. 


Aver- 
age 

num- 
ber. 


Number, 1.5th day of— 


Male. 


Fe- 
male 


Male 


Fe- 
male 


Offi- 
cials. 






Maximum 
month. 


Minimum 
month. 


Clerta, 
etc. 


Oilcloth and Linoleum. 
United States 


31 


6,234 


7 


125 


335 


116 


5,651 


Ja 5, 870 


Jy 5,423 


5,568 


5,358 


159 


41 


10 


$28,041,178 












16 


2,420 
1,980 
1,834 


5 


46 
22 
57 


131 
121 
83 


48 
34 
34 


2,190 
1,803 
1,658 


Fe 2,302 
Oc 1,927 


De 2,093 
Jy 1,621 


2,101 
1,864 
1,603 


2,051 
1,852 
1,455 


20 
5 

134 


30 
7 
4 


10 


10,982,932 

9,4413.876 
7,611,370 


170,813 
87,444 
154,019 


202,212 
190,181 






2 










OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM, 
FLOOR. 


18 


4,798 


3 


82 


212 


73 


4,428 


Ja 4,572 


No 4,262 


4,366 


4,262 


79 


25 




20,292,210 


259,119 341,121 






7 
5 
6 

13 


2,020 

1,980 

798 

1,436 


1 


39 
22 
21 

43 


86 

121 

5 

123 


36 
34 
3 

43 


1,858 

1,803 

767 

1,223 


Ja 1,949 
Oc 1,927 


De 1,775 
Jy 1,621 


1,783 

1,864 

719 

1,202 


1,745 

1,852 

665 

1,096 


20 

5 

54 

80 


18 
7 




8,665,983 
9,446,876 
2,179,351 

7,748,968 


137, 240 
87, 444 
34,435 


141,778 
190, 181 






2 
4 


OILCLOTH, ENAMELED. 


Fe 1,303 


Jy 1,156 


16 


10 










3 
10 


400 
1,036 


4 


7 
36 


45 

78 


12 
31 


332 
891 


Mh* 354 


Se 312 


318 

884 


306 
790 


80 


12 

4 


10 


2,316,949 
5,432,019 






119^ 604 


122' 466 














expenses — continued. 


Value of 
products. 


Value 
added 

by 

manu- 
facture. 


POWER. 




Salaries and 
wages— 
Contd. 


For 
con- 
tract 
work. 


Kent and taxes. 


For materials. 


Primary horsepower. 


Electric 
horse- 


INDUSTRY AND STATE. 


Wage 
earners. 


Rent 
of 

fac- 
tory. 


Taxes, 
includ- 
ing in- 
ternal 
revenue 
and cor- 
poration 
income. 


Principal 
materials. 


Fuel and 
rent of 
power. 


Total. 
22,272 


Steam 

en- 
gines.* 


In- 
ternal- 
com- 
bus- 
tion 
en- 
gines.* 


Wa- 
ter 
wheel 
and 
mo- 
tors. 


Eleo 
s trie 
(rent- 
ed). 


gener- 
ated 
in 
estab- 
lish- 
ments 
report- 
ing. 


Oilcloth and Linoleum. 


$3,213,315 




S6,S39 


$108, 466 


$17,123,934 


8651,929 


$25,598,361 


$7,822,498 


15,486 


480 




. 6,306 


8,659 








1,286,672 

1,072,309 

854,334 






55,041 
12,740 
40,685 


7,384,698 
4,441,328 
5,297,908 


275,095 
205, 575 
171,259 


11,384,311 
7,165,362 
7,048,688 


3,724,518 
2,518,459 
1,579,521 


8,223 
9,554 
4,495 


7,230 
5,336 
2,920 






993 

4,218 

. 1,095 


6,613 
1,428 






464 
5,875 










480 




618 








OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM, 
FLOOR. 


2,604,368 




5,052 


74,749 


10,722,569 


529,307 


17,602,336 


6,350,460 


18,782 


13,521 






. 5,261 


7 011 














1,085,250 

1,072,309 

446,809 

608,947 






47, 096 
12,740 
14,913 

33,717 


5,188,941 244 .535 


8,653,161 
7,165,362 
1,783,813 

1 

7,996,025 


3,219,685 

2,518,459 

612,316 

1,472,038 


7,438 
9,554 
1,790 

3,490 


6,445 
5,336 
1,740 

1,965 






993 

4,218 

50 

. 1,045 


5,508 

1,428 

75 






464 
4,588 

1,287 


4,441,328 
1,092,300 

6,481,365 


205, 575 
79, 197 

122,622 














OILCLOTH, ENAMELED. 




480 




1,648 










201,422 
407,525 






7,945 
25,772 


2, 19.5, 7.57 
4.205.608 


30,560 
92,062 


2,731,150 

5,264,875 


504,833 
967.205 


785 
2, 705 


785 
1.180 








1,105 






1.287 


480 




. 1,045 


543 











































1 All other states embrace: Illinois, 1 establishment; Indiana, 1; Maine, 1; Michigan, 1; and New York, 2. 

2 Same number reported for one or more other months. 

3 All other states embrace: California, 1 establishment; Illinois, 1; Maine, 1; Massachusetts, 1; Missouri, 1; New York, 1; and Ohio, 3. 

4 Owned power only. 

6 Includes rented power, other than electric. 

O 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




018 452 262 



Hoilinger 

pH 8.5 

Mill Run F03-2474 



